1-Translation by a more general word (Superordinate)
2-Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word
3-Translation by a cultural substitution
4-Translation by a loan word or a loan word plus an
explanation
- Transliteration
- Arabicization
- Literal translation
5-Translation
by paraphrase
6-Translation by omission
7-Translation by illustration
Translation by a more general word (Superordinate)
This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target language item which does not have the same literal meaning but is likely to have a similar impact of the target reader.
Translation by a more general word (Superordinate)
Example:
A well-known scientist (some say it was
Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the
earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center
of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy.
To
Orbit:
Verb
– Transitive and intranslaitive
To
move around a large object in space such as a planet.
Macmillan Dictionary
Translation
by a more neutral/ less expressive word
Examples:
Mexican
Fiesta Ideas
An
exotic hair style
An
epic voyage
Translation
by a cultural substitutionThis strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target language item which does not have the same literal meaning but is likely to have a similar impact of the target reader.
Example:
Enjoy
watching your favorite songs, baseball games, and movies with your friends and
domestic partner.
Translation
by a loan word or a loan word plus an explanation
This
strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items and
modern concepts. Following the loan word with an explanation is very useful
when the word in question is repeated several times in the text. Once explained
the loan word can then be used on its own; the reader can understand it and is
not distracted by further lengthy explanations.
(transliteration,
arbicization, footnote)
Examples:
- الشريعة الإسلامية
- العدة
-
A webinar will be conducted tomorrow at 6 pm.
Translation by paraphrase
- الشرك بالله
Translation by omission
Translation
by illustration
This is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there is restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short, concise and to the point.
Translation by paraphrase
If
the concept expressed is not lexicalized
at all in the target language, the paraphrase strategy can be used.
Example:
-
The process of triangulation is adopted to enhance the credibility of the
research.
Translation by omission
If
the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to
the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy
explanations, translators can simply omit the word or expression in question.
This is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there is restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short, concise and to the point.
