Suggested strategies used by professional translators

1-Translation by a more general word (Superordinate)

2-Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word

3-Translation by a cultural substitution

4-Translation by a loan word or a loan word plus an explanation

              - Transliteration

              - Arabicization

              - Literal translation

5-Translation by paraphrase

6-Translation by omission

7-Translation by illustration
Translation by a more general word (Superordinate)

        Example:

A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy.

          To Orbit:

          Verb – Transitive and intranslaitive

          To move around a large object in space such as a planet.

Macmillan Dictionary

Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word

   Examples:

   Mexican Fiesta Ideas

   An exotic hair style 

An epic voyage

 Translation by a cultural substitution
 This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target language item which does not have the same literal meaning but is likely to have a similar impact of the target reader.

Example:

Enjoy watching your favorite songs, baseball games, and movies with your friends and domestic partner.

 Translation by a loan word or a loan word plus an explanation

This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items and modern concepts. Following the loan word with an explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated several times in the text. Once explained the loan word can then be used on its own; the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanations.

(transliteration, arbicization, footnote)   

            Examples:

          - الشريعة الإسلامية

         - العدة

- A webinar will be conducted tomorrow at 6 pm. 
Translation by paraphrase

If the concept  expressed is not lexicalized at all in the target language, the paraphrase strategy can be used.

Example:

- The process of triangulation is adopted to enhance the credibility of the research.

- الشرك بالله
Translation by omission

If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can simply omit the word or expression in question.

Translation by illustration
  This is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there is restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short, concise and to the point.