Translation is transference
of a content, form and style from source text into an equivalent one in
the target language. You consider textual elements, context and culture.
What is
Translation?
There
are numerous definitions and perspectives of translation, but we will deal with
the definition from two main perspectives (formal and functional)
Formalists
Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (Catford 20). It gives
attention to form (Lexis and grammar)
Functionalists
Translation
is “the production of a functional
target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is
specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text”
(Nord 182) It gives attention to content and textual relations (the context,
the culture, the purpose and the requirements of the target audience).
Translation
approaches
The
method translators use to approach a source text in order to render it:
1.
Text-oriented
·
Text types
Informative
(tells you something)
Expressive
(expresses feelings of the writer)
Operative
(tells audience to do something)
·
Translation technique of each type
2.
Audience oriented
·
Domestication (make the text
exactly as the original: natural, e.g. Egyptianization)
·
Foregnization (keep the foreign
elements in text)
3.
Function-oriented
Purpose
(fulfilled/unfulfilled)
Translation loss
1.
Avoidable
2.
Unavoidable
Translation Techniques and Strategies
1.
Paraphrase
2.
Addition
3.
Omission
(subtraction)
4.
Grammatical
Transposition (changing word order)
5.
Cultural
substitution
6.
Translator’s
note (footnote-Endnote parenthetical)
7.
Conflation
(merging two or three words in one word)
8.
Transliteration
Examples
Translation Classification
Documentary
versus Communicative
Documentary (exactly as is with same words,
structures and content)
1.
Legal Translation
2.
Medical Translation
3.
Technical Translation
4.
Religious Translation
5.
Bible
6.
Quraan
Communicative (communicate message, tone, ambience,
aesthetic effect)
1.
Literary Translation
2.
Print
media
3.
Subtitling
Interpreting
Interpreting
falls into 7 forms:
1.
Simultaneous (real
time-booth-microphone-earphone)
2.
Consecutive (short: memory-long:
notes)
3.
Whispered (no equipment)
4.
Relay (multilingual)
5.
Conference (private- institutional)
6.
Judicial (court- any other legal
station- SI-CI)
7.
Escort (accompanying
person/delegation:tour-interview…)
In interpreting,
an interpreter is a person who converts a thought or expression in a
source language into an expression with a comparable meaning in a target
language either simultaneously in "real time" or consecutively after
one party has finished speaking. The interpreter's function is to convey every
semantic element (tone and register) and every intention and feeling of the
message that the source-language speaker is directing to target-language
recipients.
1. Simultaneous
In (extempore) simultaneous interpretation (SI), the
interpreter renders the message in the target-language as quickly as he or she
can formulate it from the source language, while the source-language speaker
continuously speaks; an oral-language SI interpreter, sitting in a sound-proof
booth, speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the
source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is
rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones. Moreover, SI is
the common mode used by sign language interpreters, although the person using
the source language, the interpreter and the target language recipient (since
either the hearing person or the deaf person may be delivering the message)
must necessarily be in close proximity.
2. Consecutive
In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter
speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking. The speech is
divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the
source-language speaker, listening and taking
notes as the speaker progresses through the message. When the
speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of
the message or the entire message in the target language.
Consecutive interpretation is rendered as "short
CI" or "long CI". In short CI, the interpreter relies on memory,
each message segment being brief enough to memorize. In long CI, the
interpreter takes
notes of the message to aid rendering long passages. These informal
divisions are established with the client before the interpretation is
effected, depending upon the subject, its complexity, and the purpose of the
interpretation.
3. Whispered
In whispered interpreting (chuchotage, in
French) sometimes called whispering simultaneous, the interpreter sits
or stands next to the person. The interpreter speaks softly using normal
(voiced) speech kept at a low volume. The interpreter's mouth and the ear of
the person listening must be in close proximity so as not to disturb the others
in the room. Without electronic equipment, chucotage is tiring as the
interpreter's posture is affected.
4. Relay
Relay interpreting is usually used when there are
several target languages. A source-language interpreter interprets the text to
a language common to every interpreter, who then render the message to their
respective target languages. For example, a Japanese source message first is
rendered to English to a group of interpreters, who listen to the English and
render the message into Arabic, French, and Russian, the other target
languages. In heavily multilingual meetings, there may be more than one
"intermediate" language.
5. Conference
Conference interpreting is the interpretation of a
conference, either simultaneously or consecutively. Conference interpretation
is divided between two markets: the institutional and private. International
institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), holding multi-lingual meetings, often
favor interpreting several foreign languages to the interpreters' mother
tongues. Local private markets tend to bi-lingual meetings (the local language
plus another) and the interpreters work both into and out of their mother
tongues; the markets are not mutually exclusive. The International
Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC) is the only worldwide association of conference interpreters. Founded
in 1953, it assembles more than 2,800 professional conference interpreters in
more than 90 countries.
6. Judicial
Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in
courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is
held (i. e., a police station for an interrogation, a conference room for
a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting
can be the consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or
the simultaneous interpretation of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for
one person, or all of the people attending.
